Marcadores bioquímicos propuestos para el estudio de la sarcopenia / Proposed biochemical markers for the study of sarcopenia

La sarcopenia asociada a la edad es una condición clínica caracterizada por una disminución en la fuerza, calidad y cantidad de masa muscular así como también en la función muscular. Un biomarcador se define como una característica que es medible objetivamente y evaluable como indicador de un proceso biológico normal, patológico o respuesta terapéutica a una intervención farmacológica. Los marcadores bioquímicos propuestos para el estudio de la sarcopenia pueden ser categorizados en dos grupos. El primero de ellos evalúa el estatus musculoesquelético; este panel de marcadores está formado por miostatina/folistatina, procolágeno aminoterminal tipo III e índice de sarcopenia. El segundo grupo de marcadores bioquímicos evalúa factores causales, para lo cual se sugiere medir el factor de crecimiento insulino-símil tipo 1 (IGF-1), dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEAS), cortisol, facto-res inflamatorios [proteína C reactiva (PCR), interleuquina 6 (IL-6) y factor de necrosis tu-moral (TNF-a)]. Las recomendaciones realiza-das están basadas en la evidencia científica disponible en la actualidad y la disponibilidad de la metodología apropiada para cada uno de los biomarcadores. (AU)

Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder defined by decrease in the strength, quality and quantity of muscle mass as well as in muscle function. A biomarker is defined as a feature objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of a normal biologic process, a pathogenic process or a pharmacologic response to therapeutic intervention. The biochemical markers proposed for the study of sarcopenia may be classified in two groups. The first group evaluates the musculoskeletal status, made up by myostatin/follistatin, N-terminal Type III Procollagen and the sarcopenia index. The second evaluates causal factors, where the measurement of the following is suggested: hormones insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), cortisol, inflammatory factors [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)]. The recommendations made are based on scientific evidence currently available and the appropriate methodology availability for each biomarker. (AU)

Efeito do jejum agudo no período ativo sobre os peptídeos gastrointestinais em mulheres eutróficas e com obesidade / Effect of acute fasting in the active period on gastrointestinal peptides in women eutrophic and with obesity

A prática do jejum tem mostrado resultados benéficos no que diz respeito aos parâmetros metabólicos e perda de peso. Essa prática tem sido frequentemente realizada ao longo do dia, durante as atividades de vida diária dos indivíduos. Dentre os efeitos do jejum sobre o metabolismo intermediário, destaca-se seu potencial em modular a secreção de peptídeos gastrointestinais relacionados ao controle da fome e regulação metabólica. Por outro lado, é desconhecido os efeitos do jejum agudo durante as atividades de vida diária, diferentemente do realizado durante a noite, e ainda se indivíduos eutróficos e com obesidade respondem da mesma forma. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito do jejum agudo realizado durante o período ativo sobre os peptídeos gastrointestinais em mulheres eutróficas e com obesidade. Métodos: Trata-se de ensaio clínico não randomizado, estratificado por estado nutricional em dois grupos de acordo com o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC): (i) grupo eutrófico (IMC > 18,5 kg/m² e < 24,9 kg/m²) e (ii) grupo obesidade (IMC > 35 kg/m²). A amostra foi composta por mulheres adultas, com idade entre 18 a 60 anos. A avaliação inicial foi realizada no período da manhã, após 10h de jejum noturno, em que as seguintes medidas foram aferidas e os dados pessoais foram coletados: antropometria, calorimetria indireta e composição corporal. As participantes foram submetidas à coleta de 5 mL de sangue, para análise dos peptídeos gastrointestinais (GIP, GLP-1, PP, PYY e grelina), adiponectina, insulina (glicose e índices HOMA). Em seguida, foi ofertado desjejum padronizado com valor calórico correspondente a 20% da necessidade energética estimada calculada após a coleta dos dados iniciais. Após, as voluntárias foram dispensadas para realização das atividades diárias habituais e foi orientado a manutenção do jejum por 10h ao longo do dia. As voluntárias retornaram ao final do dia para repetição dos procedimentos realizados na primeira avaliação e coleta de sangue. As análises estatísticas foram efetuadas com o auxílio dos programas Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows Student Version® (SPSS) versão 20.0 e os gráficos foram criados por meio do programa GraphPad Prism versão 8.0.1, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: 54 mulheres foram incluídas no estudo, sendo 29 no grupo eutrófico e 25 no grupo com obesidade. O jejum no período ativo promoveu redução nas concentrações de insulina e adiponectina e nos índices HOMA-IR e HOMA-BETA, além de aumento no polipeptídeo pancreático (PP) circulante, tanto nas mulheres eutróficas como nas mulheres com obesidade. Somente o grupo com obesidade teve redução na leptina e aumento no peptídeo-1 semelhante ao glucagon (GLP-1) após o jejum diurno. Entre os grupos, eutrofia versus obesidade, as concentrações de leptina e insulina foram maiores no grupo obesidade após o jejum no período ativo. Já os peptídeos GIP, grelina e peptídeo YY (PYY) não tiveram mudanças após o jejum no período ativo quando comparados ao jejum noturno. Conclusão: O jejum durante as atividades diárias diminui os hormônios anorexígenos insulina e leptina. No entanto, também aumenta o PP e o GLP-1, especialmente em mulheres com obesidade. O jejum durante as atividades diárias pode reorganizar uma intrincada rede de sinais endócrinos que de alguma forma podem modular o comportamento alimentar homeostático e hedônico.

Fasting practice has shown beneficial results concerning metabolic parameters and weight loss. This practice is often performed throughout the day during individuals daily life activities. Among the effects of fasting on intermediary metabolism, its potential to modulate the secretion of gastrointestinal peptides related to hunger control and metabolic regulation stands out. On the other hand, the effects of acute fasting during daily activities, unlike fasting during the night, and whether eutrophic and individuals with obesity respond in the same way are unknown. Objective: To investigate the effect of acute fasting during the active period on gastrointestinal peptides in eutrophic women and with obesity. Methods: This was a non-randomized clinical trial, stratified by nutritional status into two groups according to Body Mass Index (BMI): (i) eutrophic group (BMI > 18.5 kg/m² and < 24.9 kg/m²) and (ii) group with obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m²). The sample consisted of adult women aged 18 to 60 years. The initial evaluation was conducted in the morning after a 10-hour overnight fasting, during which the following measurements were taken, and personal data were collected: anthropometry, indirect calorimetry, and body composition. Participants had 5 mL of blood collected for the analysis of gastrointestinal peptides (GIP, GLP-1, PP, PYY, and ghrelin), adiponectin, insulin (glucose and HOMA indices). Then, a standardized breakfast with a caloric value corresponding to 20% of the estimated energy needs calculated after the initial data collection was provided. Afterward, the participants were released to perform their usual daily activities and were instructed to maintain fasting for 10 hours throughout the day. Participants returned at the end of the day for the repetition of the procedures performed in the initial assessment and blood collection. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows Student Version® (SPSS) version 20.0, and the graphs were created using the GraphPad Prism version 8.0.1 program, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: 54 women were included in the study, with 29 in the eutrophic group and 25 in the group with obesity. Fasting during the active period led to a reduction in insulin and adiponectin concentrations and in HOMA-IR and HOMA-BETA indices, as well as an increase in circulating pancreatic polypeptide (PP), both in eutrophic women and with obesity. Only the group with obesity experienced a reduction in leptin and an increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) after daytime fasting. Between the eutrophic group and with obesity, leptin and insulin concentrations were higher in the group with obesity after fasting during the active period. GIP, ghrelin, and peptide YY (PYY) did not show changes after fasting during the active period when compared to overnight fasting. Conclusion: Fasting during daily activities reduces anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin. However, it also increases PP and GLP-1, especially in women with obesity. Fasting during daily activities may reorganize a complex network of endocrine signals that can somehow modulate homeostatic and hedonic eating behavior.

Epicardial Fat Tissue Thickness and Omentin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Abstract Background: Although electrical and structural remodeling has been recognized to be important in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation, the mechanisms underlying remodeling process are unknown. There has been increasing interest in the involvement of inflammatory molecules and adipokines released from the epicardial fat tissue in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. Objectives: In our study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of atrial fibrillation with increased epicardial adipose tissue, inflammatory molecules released from this tissue and omentin. Methods: Thirty-six patients who were followed up with a diagnosis of permanent AF at the cardiology outpatient clinic 33 individuals without atrial fibrillation (controls) were included in the study. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness of patients was measured by echocardiography. Serum omentin, IL 6, IL 1 beta, TNF alpha and CRP levels were measured. Man-Whitney U test was performed for comparisons and significance was established at 5% (p<0.05). Results: Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was significantly greater in the patient group (6mm [4-5.5]) than controls (4mm [3-5.5]) (p <0.001). No significant difference was found in the concentrations of omentin or inflammatory molecules between the groups. Conclusion: No relationship was found between atrial fibrillation and serum levels or omentin or inflammatory markers. A relationship between epicardial adipose tissue thickness measured by echocardiography and atrial fibrillation was determined.

Consumption of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) decreases levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers of overweight and obese adults / Consumo de agraz osmodeshidratado (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) disminuye los niveles de biomarcadores proinflamatorios de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad

Background: A Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 24.9 Kg/m2 promotes chronic inflammation due to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines. Consuming fruits rich in bioactive compounds such as berries is a promising strategy to counteract this effect. Objectives: Determine the effect of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry consumption on inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL- 6, IL-1ß, and adiponectin) and plasma antioxidant capacity in overweight and obese adults after 21 days. Methods: Andean Berry was osmo-dehydrated in 70% sucrose syrup. Antioxidant activity, proximal composition, phenolic content, microbiological analysis, and sensory analysis of the product were determined. Twenty-five obese and overweight subjects consumed 35g of osmo-dehydrated berry for 21 days. Inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant capacity in plasma were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study. Results: Osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry presented a total phenolic content of 692.7 ± 47.4 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents/100 g. All biomarkers evaluated in the subjects showed statistically significant differences (p> 0.05), except for CRP, before and after the study. IL-6 presented the more significant reduction among all pro-inflammatory adipokines with an effect size of 18.4 Conclusions: Regular consumption of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry contributes to decreasing pro-inflammatory biomarkers and improves the plasma antioxidant capacity of overweight and obese adults

Antecedentes: un índice de masa corporal (IMC) superior a 24.9 kg/m2 promueve la inflamación crónica debido al aumento en la secreción de adipocinas proinflamatorias. El consumo de frutas ricas en compuestos bioactivos como las bayas es una estrategia prometedora para contrarrestar este efecto. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del consumo de agraz osmodeshidratado en biomarcadores inflamatorios (TNF-α, IL- 6, IL-1ß y adiponectina) y capacidad antioxidante plasmática de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad después de 21 días. Métodos: El agraz fue osmo-deshidratado en jarabe de sacarosa al 70%. Se determinó la actividad antioxidante, composición proximal, contenido fenólico, análisis microbiológico y análisis sensorial del producto. Veinticinco sujetos obesos y con sobrepeso consumieron 35 g de agraz osmodeshidratado durante 21 días. Se evaluaron biomarcadores inflamatorios y capacidad antioxidante en plasma al inicio y al final del estudio. Resultados: El agraz osmodeshidratado presentó un contenido fenólico total de 692.7 ± 47.4 mg GAE / 100 g. Todos los biomarcadores evaluados en los sujetos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p> 0.05), a excepción de la PCR, antes y después del estudio. La IL-6 presentó la mayor reducción entre todas las adipocinas proinflamatorias con un tamaño del efecto de 18.4 Conclusiones: El consumo regular de agraz osmodeshidratado contribuye a disminuir los biomarcadores proinflamatorios y mejora la capacidad antioxidante plasmática de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad

Expression of adipokines in children with primary nephrotic syndrome and its association with hyperlipidemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the expression of adipokines in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) before and after treatment and its correlation with blood lipids, as well as the role of adipokines in PNS children with hyperlipidemia.@*METHODS@#A total of 90 children who were diagnosed with incipient PNS or recurrence of PNS after corticosteroid withdrawal for more than 6 months were enrolled as subjects. Thirty children who underwent physical examination were enrolled as the control group. Venous blood samples were collected from the children in the control group and the children with PNS before corticosteroid therapy (active stage) and after urinary protein clearance following 4 weeks of corticosteroid therapy (remission stage). ELISA was used to measure the levels of adipokines. An automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure blood lipid levels.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the children with PNS had a significantly lower level of omentin-1 in both active and remission stages, and their level of omentin-1 in the active stage was significantly lower than that in the remission stage (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Omentin-1 may be associated with disease activity, dyslipidemia, and proteinuria in children with PNS. Blood lipid ratios may be more effective than traditional blood lipid parameters in monitoring early cardiovascular risk in children with PNS.

Research Progress of Adipokine and Kidney Disease / 中国医学科学院学报

Adipokines,the bioactive polypeptides secreted by adipose tissue,are related to the occurrence and development of obesity,metabolic syndrome,renal insufficiency,cardiovascular disease,diabetes mellitus and other diseases.They may be the disease intervention targets and a breakthrough in the study of disease pathogenesis.In this paper,we summarize the latest research progress of the adipokines omentin,chemerin and nesfatin.

Markers of inflammation and insulin resistance in dogs before and after weight loss versus lean healthy dogs / Marcadores de inflamação e resistência à insulina em cães antes e depois da perda de peso versus cães saudáveis e magros

Chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity is characterized by an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to insulin resistance. For this study body composition, markers of inflammation and of insulin resistance in dogs before and after weight loss were compared to those of lean dogs. Eleven client-owned obese adult dogs underwent a weight loss program with commercial dry food for weight loss and reached an ideal body condition score (BCS) six months after the beginning of the weight loss program. A Control Group of nine dogs with ideal BCS were selected for the comparison. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for normality, Mann Whitney were used for non-normally distributes data, and Student t-test was used for normally distributed parameters. In the Obese Group body fat decreased from 41.6% (30.7-58.6) to 29.1% (18.6-46.3) (P<0.01) and dogs maintained lean body mass throughout the weight loss program (P>0.05). Obese dogs presented higher concentration of fructosamine, triglycerides, insulin, IGF-1 and leptin than the Control Group before weight reduction (P<0.05). Serum concentrations of triglycerides, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, insulin, leptin and IGF-1 decreased after weight loss (P<0.01), and these concentrations were similar to the Control Group (P>0.05), except for leptin (P<0.001). No alteration on peptide YY was found. Leptin (r=0.60, P=0.01), fructosamine (r=0.44, P=0.02) and triglycerides (r=0.40, P=0.04) concentrations correlated with the reduction of body fat. Weight loss reduced the concentrations of inflammatory and insulin resistance markers and most parameters became similar to dogs that have always been lean, reinforcing the importance of weight loss in small animal practice.(AU)

A inflamação crônica de baixo grau na obesidade é caracterizada pela produção aumentada de citocinas pró-inflamatórias que contribuem para a resistência à insulina. Para este estudo a composição corporal e os marcadores de inflamação e de resistência à insulina em cães antes e após a perda de peso foram comparados aos de cães magros. Onze cães adultos obesos pertencentes a tutores foram incluídos em um programa de perda de peso com ração comercial hipocalórica e alcançaram escore de condição corporal (ECC) ideal seis meses após o início do regime. Um Grupo Controle de nove cães com ECC ideal foi selecionado para a comparação. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade, Mann Whitney foi usado para análise dos dados que não atenderam distribuição normal e o teste t de Student foi usado para parâmetros que atenderam a normalidade. No Grupo Obesidade, a gordura corporal diminuiu de 41,6% (30,7-58,6) para 29,1% (18,6-46,3) (P<0,01) e os cães mantiveram massa magra ao longo do programa de perda de peso (P>0,05). Cães obesos apresentaram maior concentração de frutosamina, triglicérides, insulina, IGF-1 e leptina do que o Grupo Controle antes da redução de peso (P<0,05). As concentrações séricas de triglicerídeos, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, insulina, leptina e IGF-1 diminuíram após a perda de peso (P<0,01) e, essas concentrações foram semelhantes ao Grupo Controle (P>0,05), com exceção da leptina (P<0,001). Nenhuma alteração no peptídeo YY foi encontrada. As concentrações de leptina (r=0,60; P=0,01), frutosamina (r=0,44; P=0,02) e triglicerídeos (r=0,40; P=0,04) correlacionaram-se com a redução da gordura corporal. A perda de peso reduziu as concentrações de marcadores inflamatórios e de resistência à insulina e a maioria dos parâmetros tornaram-se semelhante aos dos cães que sempre foram magros, reforçando a importância da perda de peso na prática clínica de pequenos animais.(AU)

Analysis of the chemerin and resistin adipokines in children and adolescents

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES To compare the serum concentrations of adipokines resistin and chemerin in children and adolescents with eutrophic and overweight and to evaluate their relationship with anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure variables. METHODS a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with 234 students enrolled in public elementary schools in the city of Juiz de Fora / MG. Anthropometric evaluation, biochemistry, and blood pressure measurement were performed. Statistical analyzes included the Student-t or Mann-Whitney tests, Pearson or Spearman correlation, used according to the distribution of the variables, and linear regression analysis, by means of the evaluation of the effect of the independent variables on the serum levels of chemerin and resistin, adjusted for age and sex. For the data analysis, SPSS® software version 21.0 and STATA® version 10.1 were used, assuming a significance level of 5%. RESULTS the concentrations of chemerin were higher in eutrophic individuals than in those with excess weight (p> 0.05). In contrast, levels of resistin were higher in the young with excess weight than in the eutrophic ones (p <0.05). In the multiple linear regression analysis, the levels of chemerin were associated with the values of resistin, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure. Resistance levels maintained association only with BMI and chemerin values. CONCLUSION the adipokines analyzed presented a distinct profile in the groups of children and adolescents with eutrophic and overweight.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Comparar as concentrações séricas das adipocinas resistina e quemerina em crianças e adolescentes com eutrofia e excesso de peso e avaliar sua relação com as variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas e a pressão arterial. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico transversal realizado com 234 estudantes matriculados em escolas públicas do ensino fundamental no município de Juiz de Fora/MG. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica e aferição da pressão arterial. As análises estatísticas compreenderam os testes t de Student ou Mann-Whitney, correlação de Pearson ou Spearman, utilizados de acordo com a distribuição das variáveis, e análise de regressão linear, realizada por meio da avaliação do efeito das variáveis independentes nos níveis séricos de quemerina e resistina, ajustado por idade e sexo. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os softwares SPSS® versão 21.0 e Stata® versão 10.1, admitindo-se nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS As concentrações de quemerina foram maiores nos indivíduos eutróficos do que nos com excesso de peso (p>0,05). Em contrapartida, os níveis de resistina estiveram maiores nos jovens com excesso ponderal do que nos eutróficos (p<0,05). Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, os níveis de quemerina apresentaram associação com os valores de resistina, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Os níveis de resistina mantiveram associação apenas com os valores de IMC e quemerina. CONCLUSÃO As adipocinas analisadas apresentaram perfil distinto nos grupos de crianças e adolescentes com eutrofia e com excesso de peso.

Ibuprofen increases the serum Omentin levels in rats after abdominal surgery

SUMMARY AIMS Omentin is an adipokine primarily produced by visceral adipose tissue and its reduced levels have been shown to be associate with worse metabolic outcomes. We aimed to study the effects of preoperative ibuprofen on postoperative omentin levels in rats after surgery. METHODS Forty-eight albino Wistar rats, 6 in each of 8 groups according to the surgical procedure (laparotomy, laparotomy plus ibuprofen (IBU), nephrectomy, nephrectomy plus IBU, hepatectomy, hepatectomy plus IBU, splenectomy and splenectomy plus IBU). The Omentin levels of the groups were postoperatively analyzed. RESULTS The mean omentin was significantly higher in the laparotomy plus IBU group compared to the laparotomy group (p<0.001). Mean Omentin was significantly higher in the hepatectomy plus IBU group compared to the hepatectomy group (p=0.01). Mean Omentin was significantly higher in the nephrectomy plus IBU group compared to the nephrectomy group (p=0.001). CONCLUSION We suggest that preoperative ibuprofen may enhance circulating levels of Omentin, which has beneficial effects in trauma and inflammation settings in subjects that undergo minor or major abdominal surgery.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS A omentina é uma adipocina produzida principalmente pelo tecido adiposo visceral e níveis reduzidos dela foram associados a piores desfechos metabólicos. Nosso objetivo foi estudar os efeitos do uso pré-operatório do ibuprofeno nos níveis pós-operatórios da omentina em ratos. METODOLOGIA Quarenta e oito ratos Wistar albinos foram divididos em 8 grupos (6 em cada), de acordo com o procedimento cirúrgico: laparotomia, laparotomia e ibuprofeno (IBU), nefrectomia, nefrectomia e IBU, hepatectomia, hepatectomia e IBU, esplenectomia, e esplenectomia e IBU. Os níveis de omentina dos grupos foram analisados após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS A omentina média foi significativamente maior no grupo de laparotomia e IBU do que no grupo de laparotomia (p<0,001). A omentina média foi significativamente maior no grupo de hepatectomia e IBU do que no grupo de hepatectomia (p = 0,01). A omentina média foi significativamente maior no grupo de nefrectomia e IBU do que no grupo de nefrectomia (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO Sugerimos que o uso pré-operatório de ibuprofeno pode aumentar os níveis circulantes de omentina, que têm efeitos benéficos em um contexto de trauma e inflamação em indivíduos submetidos cirurgia abdominal.

Metabolic Crosstalk between the Heart and Fat

It is now recognized that the heart can behave as a true endocrine organ, which can modulate the function of other tissues. Emerging evidence has shown that visceral fat is one such distant organ the heart communicates with. In fact, it appears that bi-directional crosstalk between adipose tissue and the myocardium is crucial to maintenance of normal function in both organs. In particular, factors secreted from the heart are now known to influence the metabolic activity of adipose tissue and other organs, as well as modulate the release of metabolic substrates and signaling molecules from the periphery. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding primary cardiokines and adipokines involved in heart-fat crosstalk, as well as implications of their dysregulation for cardiovascular health.

Changes in serum levels of adipokine after treatment in children with Kawasaki disease / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the changes in the serum levels of Chemerin and Omentin-1 in children with Kawasaki disease (KD) in the acute stage after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment and related clinical significance.@*METHODS@#A total of 60 children who were diagnosed with KD from January 2015 to April 2019 were enrolled as subjects. Forty healthy children and 40 children with acute infectious diseases were enrolled as the healthy control group and the infection control group respectively. According to the sensitivity to IVIG treatment, the children with KD were divided into an IVIG sensitive group with 51 children and a non-IVIG sensitive group with 9 children. According to the presence or absence of coronary artery lesion, the children with KD were divided into a CAL group with 13 children and a non-CAL group with 47 children. ELISA was used to measure the serum levels of Omentin-1 and Chemerin before and after the treatment.@*RESULTS@#The children with KD had significantly higher serum levels of Chemerin and Omentin-1 than the healthy control and infection control groups before treatment (P0.05). Before treatment, the non-IVIG sensitive group had a significantly higher serum level of Chemerin than the IVIG sensitive group (P0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#High serum levels of Chemerin and Omentin-1 may play an important role in the development and progression of KD. Chemerin may be involved in the development of CAL in children with KD. The serum level of Chemerin may be used as a new index for predicting the sensitivity to IVIG treatment.

Effect of high-fat diet and exercise on asprosin and CTRP6 expression in subcutaneous and retroperitoneal adipose tissues in rats during mid-gestation / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To study the effects of high-fat (HF) diet and exercise on the expressions of asprosin and CTRP6 in adipose tissues in different regions of rats during mid-gestation.@*METHODS@#Pregnant SD rats were fed on a standard chow diet or a high-fat (60% fat content) diet for 14 days starting on gestation day (GD) 1. Starting from GD3, the rats fed either on normal or high-fat diet in the exercise groups (CH-RW and HF-RW groups) were allowed access to the running wheels for voluntary running, and those in sedentary groups (CH-SD and HF-SD groups) remained sedentary. At the end of the 14 days, adipose tissues were sampled from different regions of the rats for detecting the mRNA and protein expressions of asprosin and CTRP6 using RT-qPCR and Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#The mRNA expression of asprosin in retroperitoneal adipose tissues was significantly higher in HF-RW group than in the other 3 groups (@*CONCLUSIONS@#High-fat diet and exercise during mid-gedtation can affect the expression levels of asprosin and CTRP6 in adipose tissues of rats in a site-specific manner.

Evaluation of adipokine chemerin in hypertensive obese / Avaliação da adipocina chemerin em obesos hipertensos

Chemerin is an adipokine secreted by adiopose tissue and has a role in obesity and hypertension. This study aims at assessing the level of the adipokine chemerin in obesity and/or hypertension and correlating its level with the inflammatory marker hs-CRP and predictors of atherosclerosis as lipid profile, insulin resistance, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).Volunteers were divided into 4 equal groups according to body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure: normal weight group (BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2), overweight group (BMI = 25.0 ­ 29.9 kg/m2), normotensive obese group (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and hypertensive obese group (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). Chemerin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FI) were evaluated in the mentioned groups.The results showed that there were significant increases of chemerin, hs-CRP, low density lipoprotein (LDL), SBP and DBP in hypertensive obese group compared to normotensive obese , overweight and normal weight groups. Moreover the only significant positive correlation between chemerin and hs-CRP was observed in the obese hypertensive group. The normotensive obese group showed significant increases of hs-CRP, LDL, triglyceride (TG), FBG, FI and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared to the overweight and normal weight groups. Regarding the overweight group, there were significant increases in chemerin, hs-CRP, cholesterol, LDL, TG compared to the normal weight group, while the HDL levels were significantly lower compared to the two obese groups. These results revealed that the pro-inflammatory adipokine chemerin increases in obesity associated with hypertension, leading to the suggestion that there is a definite dysregulation of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory parameters towards the pro-inflammatory when hypertension and obesity are associated.

A chemerin é uma adipocina secretada pelo tecido adiposo e tem papel na obesidade e na hipertensão. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o nível da adipocina chemerina na obesidade e / ou hipertensão e correlacionar seu nível com o marcador inflamatório hs-PCR e os preditores de aterosclerose como perfil lipídico, resistência à insulina, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) Os voluntários foram divididos em 4 grupos iguais de acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e pressão arterial: grupo com peso normal (IMC ≤ 24,9 kg / m2), grupo com sobrepeso (IMC = 25,0 - 29,9 kg / m2), grupo obeso normotenso (IMC ≥ 30,0 kg / m2) e grupo obeso hipertenso (IMC ≥ 30,0 kg / m2). Chemerin, proteína C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as), perfil lipídico, glicemia de jejum (FBG) e insulina de jejum (FI) foram avaliados nos grupos mencionados. Os resultados mostraram que houve aumentos significativos de chemerina, hs- CRP, lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), PAS e PAD no grupo obeso hipertenso em comparação com obesos normotensos, com sobrepeso e com peso normal. Além disso, a única correlação positiva significativa entre chemerin e hs-CRP foi observada no grupo de hipertensos obesos. O grupo obeso normotenso apresentou aumentos significativos de PCR-as, LDL, triglicérides (TG), FBG, FI e o modelo de avaliação da homeostase - índice de resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR) comparado aos grupos com sobrepeso e peso normal. Em relação ao grupo com excesso de peso, houve aumento significativo de chemerina, PCR-as, colesterol, LDL, TG em relação ao grupo com peso normal, enquanto os níveis de HDL foram significativamente menores em comparação aos dois grupos obesos. Esses resultados revelaram que a pró-inflamatória adipocina chemerina aumenta na obesidade associada à hipertensão, levando à sugestão de que há uma desregulação definida dos parâmetros pró-inflamatórios e anti-inflamatórios em relação ao pró-inflamatório quando a hipertensão e a obesidade estão associadas.

Tejido adiposo y su función endocrina / Adipose tissue and its endocrine function

Recientemente se ha descubierto que el tejido adiposo (TA) tiene una crucial influencia sobre diversos procesos fisiológicos a través de la secreción de múltiples factores endocrinos, paracrinos y autocrinos, conocidos como adipoquinas. Desde su descubrimiento, a gran parte de las adipoquinas se les ha atribuido un importante papel en el metabolismo energético, regulando el almacenaje y producción de triglicéridos y colesterol. Uno de los descubrimientos más importantes sobre las funciones del tejido adiposo es como el aumento de su tamaño estimula la secreción de citocinas con carácter pro-inflamatorio, influyendo así en el control de su propia celularidad, la angiogénesis y la migración de células inmunes. Estudios recientes han mostrado como, ante cambios en la homeostasia, el tejido adiposo puede modificar los procesos de coagulación y fibrinólisis. La participación del tejido adiposo en la vascularización y la angiogénesis ha dado nuevos y reveladores resultados, centrados en nuevas adipoquinas como la quemerina y la monobutirina. El estudio de las adipoquinas y su gama de efectos sobre el organismo amplían cada vez más el panorama de las funciones del tejido adiposo y su importancia en el control del metabolismo y la homeostasia. Considerando toda la nueva información disponible, esta revisión bibliográfica busca enumerar, describir y analizar las principales funciones endocrinas del TA. La metodología utilizada para ello consistió en una revisión bibliográfica de tipo descriptivo realizada mediante la revisión sistemática de artículos científicos, consultando diversas bases de datos. Finalmente, se seleccionaron 30 artículos de los útimos cinco años, en español e inglés...(AU)

The relationship between chronic inflammation associated with obesity and vitamin D deficiency / Relación entre inflamación crónica asociada a obesidad y déficit de vitamina D

Obesity is characterized by an abnormal production of adipocytokines, generating chronic inflammation associated in turn with endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. On the other hand, it is a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, thus establishing an inverse relationship between the plasma levels of this nutrient and acute phase proteins with low vitamin D levels, being able to boost the inflammatory response in obesity. In this context, the correction of poor vitamin D status could be an effective addition to the treatment of obesity; however, evidence of future trials that can support the regulatory effects of supplementation is required. The objective of this review is to analyze the existing evidence and establish the relationship between plasma levels of vitamin D and chronic inflammation associated with obesity. The methodology consists of a sensitive search in the PubMed and Trip Database, limiting the search to articles in English and Spanish published through January 2019. Priority was given to clinical trials, original articles and systematic reviews, from which other relevant research was identified.

La obesidad se caracteriza por la producción anormal de adipocitocinas, generando inflamación crónica asociada a su vez a disfunción endotelial, aterosclerosis y resistencia a insulina. Por otra parte, es un factor de riesgo de déficit de vitamina D, estableciéndose una relación inversa entre los niveles plasmáticos de dicho nutriente y proteínas de fase aguda, pudiendo potenciar la respuesta inflamatoria en obesidad. En este contexto la corrección del mal estado de vitamina D podría ser una adición efectiva al tratamiento de la obesidad, sin embargo se requiere evidencia de futuros ensayos que se puedan respaldar los efectos reguladores de la suplementación. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la evidencia existente y establecer la relación entre los niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D y la inflamación crónica asociada con la obesidad. La metodología consiste en una búsqueda sensible en las bases de datos PubMed y Trip Database, limitándose la búsqueda a artículos en inglés y español hasta enero 2019. Se priorizó por ensayos clínicos, artículos originales y revisiones sistemáticas, a partir de los cuales se identificaron otras investigaciones relevantes.

Physical fitness and activity, metabolic profile, adipokines and endothelial function in children / Aptidão e atividade física, perfil metabólico, adipocinas e função endotelial em crianças

Abstract Objectives: The prevalence of obesity is increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is endothelial dysfunction in children with normal or excess weight, and whether the metabolic profile, adipokines, and endothelial dysfunction would be more strongly associated with physical fitness or with physical activity levels. Method: Cross-sectional study involving children aged 5-12 years. The evaluation included venous occlusion plethysmography, serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and insulin, lipid profile, physical activity score (PAQ-C questionnaire), and physical fitness evaluation (Yo-Yo test). Results: A total of 62 children participated in this study. Based on the body mass index, 27 were eutrophic, 10 overweight and 25 obese. Triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HOMA-IR, and leptin were higher in the obese and excess-weight groups compared to the eutrophic group (p < 0.01). HDL cholesterol and adiponectin levels were higher in the eutrophic group compared to the obese and excess-weight groups (p < 0.01). Flow-mediated vasodilation after hyperemia was higher in the eutrophic group in comparison to obese and excess-weight subjects (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the physical activity levels among groups measured by PAQ-C. The Yo-Yo test was significantly associated with HDL cholesterol (rho = −0.41; p = 0.01), and this association remained after adjusting for body mass index z-score (rho = 0.28; p = 0.03). Conclusion: This study showed that endothelial dysfunction is already present in obese children, suggesting a predisposition to atherosclerotic disease. Moreover, HDL cholesterol levels were correlated with physical fitness, regardless of body mass index.

Resumo: Objetivos: A prevalência da obesidade está aumentando. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se há disfunção endotelial nas crianças com peso normal ou excesso de peso e se o perfil metabólico, as adipocinas e a disfunção endotelial seriam mais fortemente associados à aptidão física ou aos níveis de atividade física. Método: Estudo transversal que envolve crianças de 5-12 anos. A avaliação incluiu pletismografia de oclusão venosa, níveis séricos de adiponectina, leptina, insulina e lipidograma, escore de atividade física (questionário PAQ-C) e avaliação da aptidão física (teste Yo-yo). Resultados: Um total de 62 crianças participou deste estudo. Com base no índice de massa corporal, 27 eram eutróficos, 10 estavam acima do peso e 25 estavam obesos. Os níveis de triglicerídeos, colesterol LDL, HOMA-RI e leptina estavam mais elevados nas crianças obesas e com excesso de peso que o grupo de eutróficos (p < 0,01). Os níveis de colesterol HDL e adiponectina estavam mais elevados no grupo de eutróficos em comparação ao grupo de obesos e com excesso de peso (p < 0,01). A vasodilatação mediada pelo fluxo após hiperemia foi maior no grupo de eutróficos em comparação aos indivíduos obesos e com excesso de peso (p < 0,05). Não houve nenhuma diferença nos níveis de atividade física entre os grupos medidos pelo PAQ-C. O teste de ida e volta foi significativamente associado ao colesterol HDL (ró = −0,41; p = 0,01) e essa associação continuou após ajustar o escore z do índice de massa corporal (ró = 0,28; p = 0,03). Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que a disfunção endotelial já está presente nas crianças obesas, sugeriu uma predisposição à doença aterosclerótica. Além disso, os níveis de colesterol HDL foram correlacionados à aptidão física, independentemente do índice de massa corporal.

A Proposed Inflammatory Score of Circulating Cytokines/Adipokines Associated with Resistant Hypertension, but Dependent on Obesity Parameters / Proposta de um Escore Inflamatório de Citocinas e Adipocinas Plasmáticas Associado à Hipertensão Resistente, mas Dependente dos Parâmetros de Obesidade

Abstract Background: There is evidence that subclinical systemic inflammation is present in resistant hypertension (RHTN). Objective: The aim of the study was to develop an integrated measure of circulating cytokines/adipokines involved in the pathophysiology of RHTN. Methods: RHTN (n = 112) and mild to moderate hypertensive (HTN) subjects (n=112) were studied in a cross-sectional design. Plasma cytokines/adipokines (TNF-alpha, interleukins [IL]-6, -8, -10, leptin and adiponectin) values were divided into tertiles, to which a score ranging from 1 (lowest tertile) to 3 (highest tertile) was assigned. The inflammatory score (IS) of each subject was the sum of each pro-inflammatory cytokine scores from which anti-inflammatory cytokines (adiponectin and IL-10) scores were subtracted. The level of significance accepted was alpha = 0.05. Results: IS was higher in RHTN subjects compared with HTN subjects [4 (2-6) vs. 3 (2-5); p = 0.02, respectively]. IS positively correlated with body fat parameters, such as body mass index (r = 0.40; p < 0.001), waist circumference (r = 0.30; p < 0.001) and fat mass assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (r = 0.31; p < 0.001) in all hypertensive subjects. Logistic regression analyses revealed that IS was an independent predictor of RHTN (OR = 1.20; p = 0.02), independent of age, gender and race, although it did not remain significant after adjustment for body fat parameters. Conclusion: A state of subclinical inflammation defined by an IS including TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, leptin and adiponectin is associated with obese RHTN. In addition, this score correlates with obesity parameters, independently of hypertensive status. The IS may be used for the evaluation of conditions involving low-grade inflammation, such as obesity-related RHTN. Indeed, it also highlights the strong relationship between obesity and inflammatory process.

Resumo Fundamento: Evidências indicam que a inflamação sistêmica subclínica está presente na hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR). Objetivo: Desenvolver uma medida que integra citocinas envolvidas na fisiopatologia da HAR. Métodos: Indivíduos com HAR (n = 112) e indivíduos com hipertensão leve a moderada (HT) (n = 112) foram estudados em delineamento transversal. Valores de citocinas/adipocinas plasmáticas [TNF-alfa, interleucinas (IL)-6, -8, -10, leptina e adiponectina] foram divididos em tercis, e lhes atribuído um escore variando de 1 (tercil mais baixo) a 3 (tercil mais alto). O escore inflamatório (EI) de cada participante foi calculado como a soma do escore de cada citocina pró-inflamatória da qual subtraiu-se o escore de cada citocina anti-inflamatória (adiponectina e IL-10). O nível de significância aceito foi alfa = 0,05. Resultados: O EI foi mais alto nos indivíduos com HAR em comparação a indivíduos com HT [4 (2-6) vs. 3 (2-5); p = 0,02, respectivamente]. O EI correlacionou-se positivamente com parâmetros de gordura corporal, tais como índice de massa corporal (r = 0,40; p < 0,001), circunferência da cintura (r = 0,30; p < 0,001) e massa gorda avaliada por bioimpedância (r = 0,31; p < 0,001) em todos os indivíduos hipertensos. Análises de regressão logística mostraram que o EI foi um preditor independente de HAR (OR = 1,20; p = 0,02), independentemente de idade, sexo e raça; porém, o modelo perdeu significância estatística após ajuste para os parâmetros de gordura corporal. Conclusão: Um estado de inflamação subclínica definida pelo EI incluindo TNF-alfa, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, leptina e adiponectina está associado com indivíduos obesos com HAR. Além disso, o escore correlaciona-se com parâmetros de obesidade, independentemente do grau de hipertensão. O EI pode ser usado na avaliação de condições que envolvem inflamação subclínica, tal como HAR relacionada à obesidade. O estudo também destaca a forte relação entre obesidade e inflamação.

Adipokine gene variability and plasma levels in patients with chronic periodontitis -a case-control study

Abstract: Specific variants in genes that encode adipokines and their mRNA and protein expression were previously studied in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, and similar studies have been performed for chronic periodontitis (CP). The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the possible impacts of adiponectin (ADIPOQ), leptin (LEP) and its receptor (LEPR), and resistin (RETN) on the etiopathogenesis of CP. Examinations were performed on 118 non-periodontitis healthy subjects (healthy controls, HC), 205 healthy individuals with CP (H + CP) and 86 type 2 diabetes patients with CP (T2DM + CP). Variants within the ADIPOQ (rs2241766, rs1501299), LEP (rs13228377, rs2167270), LEP receptor (rs1805096), and RETN (rs1862513) genes were determined by qPCR. In addition, the plasma levels of ADIPOQ, LEP, and RETN were analysed by ELISA for 80 individuals. The genotype frequencies of the SNP ADIPOQ +45G/T (rs2241766) differed between the HC and H + CP groups (p=0.03, pcorr>0.05), and carriers of the TT genotype had a lower risk of developing CP compared to carriers of the GG or TG genotypes (p<0.01, pcorr>0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of ADIPOQ, LEP or RETN between the study groups (p > 0.05). Plasma levels of the adipokines were also independent of the gene profiles (p > 0.05). Adipokine plasma levels did not change in patients with H + CP/T2DM + CP compared to HC, but we did identify a specific polymorphism in the ADIPOQ gene that was associated with CP. Although the ADIPOQ +45G/T (rs2241766) gene variant may be a candidate biomarker for CP, further research is required in larger populations with different ethnic backgrounds before any final conclusions can be drawn about the role of this gene in CP.